Students with Disabilities in the Classroom

INTRODUCTION:

Between 1987 and 2003 the number of students with disabilities leaving high school and transitioning to institutions of higher education increased each year. For example, the number of students with learning disabilities has increased by 20 percent in community colleges and by 10 percent in four-year colleges. Additionally, there are more students with cognitive disabilities(e.g., autism, intellectual disability) enrolling in colleges and universities.

The process of students with disabilities transitioning from high school to college is challenging. To make asuccessful transition the students must:

• Recognize the difference between their roles and responsibilities as a high school student and those of a college student.
• Know and understand the rights and responsibilities afforded to them in college by federal legislation.
• Acknowledge and understand how their disability may impact learning in a college environment.
• Be willing to self-advocate or take ownership for their education.
• Feel comfortable communicating and disclosing the accommodations that students need to experience academic success.

As a faculty member, you may want to know several things about student with disabilities in the college classroom before a student approaches you. Useful pieces of information may include background knowledge about disabilities, the laws that support both the institution and students, and how to know if a student has the necessary documentation that certifies the disability status and examples of accommodations that a student may need. After you receive the required documentation, you and the student will want to discuss how to help the student be successful in your course.

KEY QUESTIONS:

Several key questions are important once you become aware that a student in your class has a disability. These are:

1. What constitutes a disability?
2. What legal mandates are relevant for the student in my course?
3. What are accommodations?
4. How does the student in my class obtain the necessary documentation?
5. What should I do when a student provides documentation of the disability and a request for accommodations? 

What should I do if I suspect a student has a disability?

What constitutes a disability? A ‘disability’ is a condition caused by accident, trauma, genetics or disease that may limit a person’s mobility, hearing, vision, speech, or mental function. A student may have more than one disability. For example, a person who uses a wheelchair because of a car accident also may have a visual impairment. An individual with a disability is a person who has impairments that substantially limit major life activities such as seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, breathing, performing manual tasks, learning, caring for oneself, and working. Disabling conditions include epilepsy; paralysis (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis); HIV infection; AIDS; a substantial hearing or visual impairment; intellectual disability; psychiatric disability; cancer; heart disease; diabetes; or a specific learning disability. Conditions not considered a disability include minor, nonchronic conditions of short duration, such as a sprain, broken limb, or the flu.

Students with disabilities face several barriers as they enter postsecondary educational institutions. They are leaving a high school environment where teachers, other professionals, and their parents have helped guide their educational program. They may face architectural barriers if they have physical disabilities or use a walker or wheelchair. Some students encounter peers and adults that may have negative attitudes and expectations for their classroom performance, often because they have not had experience with students with disabilities. Another challenge is that once students enter college they are hesitant about disclosing their disability or self-advocating for themselves; thus, many students with disabilities may remain unknown to you because they are concerned about stigma, rejection or discrimination.

What legal mandates are relevant for students with disabilities enrolled in my classes?

Several federal laws outline the rights intended for students with disabilities in colleges and universities: (1) The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), (2) The Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (504), and (3) The Higher Education Act (HEA). Exhibit 1 provides a brief overview of the provisions of each law. 

What are accommodations?

By becoming knowledgeable about accommodations needed by some people with disabilities and the services and supports available to them through legislation, you can help the student ease feelings or outward demonstrations of stigma, rejection and discrimination. A reasonable accommodation is a modification or adjustment to a course, program, service, job, activity, assessment, test, or facility that enables a qualified individual with a disability to have an equal opportunity to attain the same level of performance or to enjoy the same benefits and privileges that are available to an individual without a disability. The accommodations adjust for the effects that the disability may have on the student’s academic performance, not to reduce the academic requirements. Exhibit 2 illustrates the reasonable accommodations that a student with disabilities may request for your course:

In addition to the accommodations above, professors may want to exercise flexibility in attendance or promptness rules for students with health-related or mobility disabilities.

How does the student in my class obtain the necessary documentation?

It is the student’s responsibility to obtain documentation and to notify the professors of the need for academic accommodations. It is important to know that each college and university has an Office of Disabled Student Services, Disability Support Program, or Office of Student Services that will help the student document the disability and the needed supports. The staff in these offices will determine eligibility and type of accommodations needed by using:

• Documentation of the disability from qualified professionals provided by the student.
• Information gathered from a diagnostic student intake process.
• Information from appropriate college personnel regarding essential standards for courses, activities, jobs, and facilities.

The criteria for determining reasonable accommodations may include:

• Determining what constitutes reasonable accommodations.
• Identifying the array of accommodations that might remove barriers to learning and participating in class activities Determining whether or not the student has access to the course, program, service, job, activity or facility without accommodations.
• Verifying that essential elements of the course, program, service, job, activity or facility are not compromised by the accommodations. (Montgomery College, 2007)

A sample accommodations letter for a student with learning disabilities is in Appendix A.

Teaching faculty and staff will not have to be involved in this process. However, you may want to place a statement in your syllabus and make an announcement at the first meeting of the class such as:

Any student who feels they may need an accommodation based on the impact of a disability should contact the Disability Support Services (DSS) office at [insert phone number and location] to establish eligibility and to coordinate reasonable accommodations. At a student's request, DSS prepares an individualized letter to professors that verifies the nature of the student's disability and documents the need for auxiliary aids and services and/or academic adjustments. Students are encouraged to meet with each professor early in the semester to discuss the academic implications of the disability as they relate to the specific course and to request accommodation. For additional information, please refer to [insert URL for disability services at your institution].

By making the announcement and including this language in the syllabus, you are indicating your willingness to work with the student, provide accommodations as needed, and protect the student’s privacy.

What should I do when a student provides documentation of the disability and requests accommodations?

Once the student shows you proof of documentation about the disability and accommodations needed, you and the student should review the accommodations and establish a plan to provide or implement the accommodations.

Students with disabilities should be held to the same evaluation and grading standards as those for all students. Accommodations do not give the student with a disability an unfair advantage. Rather, ‘reasonable’ accommodations are intended to give students with disabilities an equal opportunity to achieve the same results that other students have the opportunity to achieve (Embry, Scott, and McGuire, 2004). Samuels (1992) provided an excellent analogy: “Accommodations don’t make things easier, just possible; in the same way eye glasses do not improve the strength of the eyes, they just make it possible for the individual to see better. Accommodations are interventions that allow the learner to indicate what they know. Without the accommodations, the learner may not be able to overcome certain barriers." If you feel unsure about how to implement the accommodations or the time needed to implement them, you should contact the Disability Services office and discuss your concerns.

What should I do if I suspect a student has a disability?

As stated above, many students with disabilities attending college are cautious about disclosing their disability or self-advocating for themselves. In addition, some students may not realize that they might have a disability until they encounter the rigor of college coursework. Students who have learning challenges may have difficulty in reading, writing, spelling and/or using numerical concepts.

• Have poor handwriting.
• May be very articulate, but can not express thought clearly when writing.
• Appears clumsy or poorly coordinated.
• Exhibits such behaviors as having difficulty adhering to schedules, repeatedly forgets things, forgets or loses possessions or class material, seems disorganized, and confuses left and right and up and down.
• Confuses similar letters and words such as ‘b’ and ‘d’ and ‘was’ and ‘saw’.
• Is easily distracted.
• Often demonstrates anxiety or anger because of an inability to cope with the demands of the coursework.

Most often, a student with a disability will exhibit several of these characteristics over along period. If a student does not self-disclose having a disability, and you suspect that a student has learning difficulties based on observations and class performance, you can take several courses of action. The first is to contact the office of student disability services and talk to them about your concerns. The staff will ask you to discuss your observations and provide suggestions for working with the student. One thing that they will tell you is that it is illegal to ask students to identify themselves to you or to ask for a list of these students in your classes. Second, you can talk with the student about your observations. When doing this, do it privately, with no other students or adults present. Take early and gentle initiative in seeking an ongoing dialogue with the student about the ways in which you can be supportive. Begin by expressing your confidence in the student’s ability to achieve their intellectual, personal, and professional potential. Encourage the student to develop the independence and self-advocacy skills that will help in and out of the classroom while in college and in their professional roles. If the student does express concern about their learning, encourage them to contact disability student services for an assessment and possible support.

If they do not respond to your dialogue, do not become discouraged—you may have triggered some thoughts and actions for the future. Above all, remember that you can be the student’s biggest source for support and always remain approachable. Discuss all student-related information directly with the student. Other than discussing your observations with student disability services, keep all disability-related information confidential.

This module provided an overview of illustrative disabilities that students enrolled in institutions of higher education might have. Several federal laws outline the rights of students with disabilities in these institutions. These rights include access to accommodations and the campus environment. To become eligible for accommodations, students with disabilities must provide documentation that can verify the disability and the accommodations needed. The institution, most often the office of student services or disability student services, will review the documentation and give the student a letter outlining accommodations needed in each class. When the student shows you the documentation, you will want to discuss the implementation of the accommodations in your class. If you observe several characteristics in a student that you suspect may indicate that the student has a disability, talk with the student privately and encourage them to seek support. Understanding this process and knowing about possible accommodations before the student provides the documentation will help you work with the student and ease feelings of stigma, rejection and discrimination.

ONLINE RESOURCES:

Numerous websites provide additional information about students with disabilities in the college classroom.

• Disability Support Services at Montgomery College (Rockville, MD) provides the terminology, characteristics, instruction strategies, and accommodations for students who have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders, vision impairments, brain injuries, hearing impairments, learning disabilities, physical disabilities, psychological disabilities, speech and language disabilities , and other disabilities.
• The GW HEATH Resource Center is an online clearinghouse on postsecondary education for individuals with disabilities. The HEATH Resource Center Clearinghouse has information for students with disabilities on educational disability support services, policies, procedures, adaptations, accessing college or university campuses, career-technical schools, and other postsecondary training entities. We have information on financial assistance, scholarships, and materials that help students with disabilities transition into college, university, career-technical schools, or other postsecondary programs.
• Queens University (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) provides an overview of instructional, communication and technological, assignment, and assessment accommodations for students with vision disabilities, hearing impairments, mobility challenges , learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder (ADD) , chronic illnesses , and psychological disabilities.
• Services for Students with Disabilities at Northwestern University (Evanston, IL) provides a brief overview of accommodations for specific disabilities such as health-related disabilities, hearing impairments, learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, mobility impairments, psychological, traumatic brain injury , and visual impairments.
• Think College provides instructional outcomes and corresponding strategies that may assist professors when delivering lectures, using printed materials, participating in group work, showing videos and power point presentations, taking assessments, participating in laboratory activities, assessing, participating in internships or practicum, reading, writing, and using computer and online tools.

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION:

Federal legislation mandates that institutions of higher education must provide reasonable accommodations for a student who has disclosed and documented a disability. These accommodations provide the student with an equal opportunity to participate in all classes, programs, activities, extra curricular activities, and services offered by the institution. You can encourage the student to self-identify by including a statement in your course syllabus how a student can receive accommodations. Your institution has an office for disability services that will work with both you and student in your classes.

WRAP-UP:

It is important to remember that a student with a disability must self-identify that she/he has a disability and needs accommodation. To be eligible for reasonable and appropriate services, a student must present current and comprehensive documentation of disability to Disability Support Services. Students with disabilities can succeed in your courses when you and the student work together to determine reasonable accommodations for the student’s disability.

Appendix A

A Sample Accommodations Letter for a Student with Learning Disabilities

_________________, a student with a disability has enrolled in your class for the _________ semester. We are providing you with the following information to help you in working with this student.

Description of Disability:

1. [Student’s name]_ is currently enrolled in the College Access Program, (formerly the Learning Center Program) at Blue College. This student is eligible for the College Access Program based on a documented learning disability along with the potential to be successful at the college level.This student is staffed by the CAP team on a regular basis.

2._______________ has successfully completed the College AccessProgram (formerly the Learning Center Program) at Blue College. This student is found eligible for the College Access Program basedon a documented learning disability along with the potential to besuccessful at the college level.

3. _______________ has been documented by the Blue School district as having a history of learning disabilities. The documentation indicated that this student has the potential to succeed at the college level. The following are reasonable accommodation(s) based on the documentation.

4. _______________ was diagnosed with (1) a learning disability, (2) A learning disability with Attention Deficit Disorder, and (3) Attention Deficit Disorder. The testing indicates that this student has the potential to succeed at the college level.

5. _______________ a preliminary screening suggests the presence of a learning disability.

The following accommodation(s)are appropriate based on the test results.

Requested Accommodations:

• This student would benefit greatly from the services of a notetaker. A notetaker is another person enrolled in the course who will voluntarily take notes. The student will provide special carbon‑treated notetaker paper that is available from the DSS office. The student may ask your assistance in finding a classmate who would volunteer to provide a copy of lecture notes. If available, a copy of your lecture notes or an outline of the lecture before class would also be helpful.
• This student will need double time for completing examinations. Double time is the maximum extension unless the DSS counselor gives prior approval. Please call DSS at xxxx if you have questions regarding the extension of time. The Assessment Center will provided the assessment. The student needs to notify the instructor at least two days in advance of a test/exam or there may not be enough time to arrange for the accommodation.
• This student may require specialized equipment including the use of a computer to complete examinations. This service will be provided in (1) the Assessment Center, (2) the Learning Center, and (3) the Assessment Center (CC14) and/or the Learning Center.
• Poor spelling skills, a manifestation of the student’s learning disability, may negatively affect this student’s writing. Mastery of information, rather than ability to spell correctly, should be considered when grading.
• This student should be encouraged to use a Franklin Speller, dictionary, and/or a computer software program with spell checking capabilities.
• Please allow this student to use a tape recorder during your class to record lectures and assignments.
• Please allow this student to write answers directly on the test instead of a scantron sheet.
• Because of severe reading problems, this student may be using recorded textbooks. 
• Please allow this student to use a calculator when conceptual understanding is tested rather than computational skill.
• Please allow this student to use a card with formulas when computational skills are tested and not memorization of the formulas.
• This student may not be able to sit or participate during the entire class time. Standing or taking a break should be done in such a way that the class is not disrupted. Please discuss this with the student.

English:

• For in class/impromptu writing and practicing and taking the English Competency and/or Exit Exam, accommodations include double time, the use of a word processor with spell check and/or a Franklin Speller and dictionary. The student will make necessary arrangements with the Learning Center and/or Assessment Center.
• This student is using a computer and/or assistive technology to accomplish assignments. Extra time may be an appropriate accommodation.
• Poor spelling skills, a manifestation of the student’s learning disability, may negatively affect writing assignments. This student should be encouraged to use a Franklin Speller, dictionary, and/or computer software program with spell checking capabilities.
• This student’s disability impacts the ability to effectively organize information. Additional time may be necessary for extended writings and research projects.
• Due to a learning disability, this student exhibits such problems as poor letter formation, letter reversals, omission, substitutions and transposition. Encouraging/allowing this student to revise and edit assignments will assist this individual to demonstrate course mastery.

If this student is to demonstrate proficiency, modification of some time requirements may be an appropriate step. Clear expectations would be helpful, and class standards should be upheld. All students must adhere to the Blue College Code of Conduct. A copy is available at XXXX. If you have any questions related to the student's academic performance, please feel free to call.

Adapted from Documentation Letters issued by the Disability Support Services at Montgomery College in Rockville, MD.

This document made possible in part by the support of The HSC Foundation, a Washington, D.C.-based foundation dedicated to expanding access and success in education beyond high school. HEATH is affiliated with The George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development.

The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of The HSC Foundation. No official endorsement by the Foundation or of any product, commodity, service or enterprise mentioned in this publication is intended or should be inferred. Permission to use, copy, and distribute this document for non-commercial use and without fee, is hereby granted if appropriate credit to the HEATH Resource Center at the National Youth Transitions Center is included in all copies.